A motor of an electric vehicle <br> <br> named according to their different environments using the frequency of use, the assembled motor forms are also different. Different types of motors have different characteristics. The national standard for naming electric motors is as follows:
Derived code, capital letters in Chinese are used to indicate the performance parameter code, two Arabic numerals are used to indicate the product name code, capital letters are used to indicate the frame number, and case outer diameter (mm) is used to indicate the product name code SYT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet DC Servo Motors SYX: Permanent Magnet Type DC Servo Motors SXPT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet Wirewound Disc DC Motors SXPX: Permanent Magnet Permanent Magnet Wire Wound Disc DC Motors SWT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet Brushless DC servo motor SWX: rare earth permanent magnet brushless DC servo motor SN: printed Circuit DC servomotors SR: a switched reluctance motor YX: <br> <br> two three-phase asynchronous motors, the motor free <br> <br > Permanent magnet DC motors are commonly used in motors currently used in electric vehicles. The so-called permanent magnet motor means that the motor coil is magnetized by a permanent magnet and does not use coil excitation. In this way, the energy consumed when the excitation coil is operated is saved, and the electromechanical conversion efficiency of the motor is improved. This can reduce the running current and extend the mileage of the electric vehicle using the limited energy contained in the vehicle. The electric motors used in the various electric vehicles that we are talking about are permanent magnet motors.
Motors for electric vehicles are divided into two types according to their energization modes: brush motors and brushless motors; they are divided into “toothed†according to the mechanical structure of the motor assembly. Gear deceleration) and "toothless" (motor torque output without any deceleration) are two broad categories.
For the brushless motor, according to whether the motor has a position sensor, it is divided into a position sensor brushless motor and a position sensorless brushless motor.
For a brushless motor without a position sensor, the foot of the vehicle must be picked up first. After the motor has a certain rotation speed, the controller can recognize the phase of the brushless motor and then the controller can supply power to the motor. Since the sensorless brushless motor cannot achieve zero-speed start, it is less used in electric vehicles produced after 2000. At present, the brushless motor used in the electric vehicle industry generally adopts a position sensorless brushless motor.
Rotate 180°, the coil does not move, Hall element senses S pole magnetic field, P1 and R2 are cut off at this moment, P2 and R1 lead openly, can see the electric current i' flows from battery positive pole through R1, coil, P2 to battery negative pole. The current i' direction at Point A in the energized coil is in the direction of the terminal (the vector direction is opposite to the direction of the i' vector), and the magnetic steel is subject to the reaction force of the coil and generates a counterclockwise rotational torque.
The number of magnets for brushless motors for electric bicycles is relatively large. There are generally 3 groups of coils. Each group of coils has a corresponding Hall element (3 Hall coils have 3 Hall elements). This will make the motor rotate more smoothly and efficiently. higher. When the magnet rotates, the Hall element senses the change of the direction of the magnetic field and gives the corresponding control signal. The brushless controller controls the on and off of the upper 3 and lower 3 power tubes according to this signal.
Comparison of brushed motors and brushless motors We can understand the difference in the principle of energization between brushed and brushless motors in this way: Brushed motors are mechanically commutated by carbon brushes and commutators, and brushless motors are based on Huo. The ear element sense signal is electronically commutated by the controller.
Third, the mechanical structure of the motor <br> <br> brush motors and brushless motors powered principles are not the same, its internal structure is not the same. For a hub type motor, the output mode of the motor torque (is decelerated by a gear reduction mechanism) is not the same, and its mechanical structure is also different.
1. The internal mechanical structure of a common high-speed brush motor. This hub-type motor consists of a built-in high-speed brushed motor core, reduction gear sets, overrunning clutches, hub caps and other components. High-speed brushed hub motors are internal rotor motors.
2. The internal mechanical structure of a common low speed brush motor. This hub type motor consists of carbon brushes, phase changers, motor rotors, motor stators, motor shafts, motor end caps, and bearings. Low-speed brushless hubless motors are external rotor motors.
3. The internal mechanical structure of common high-speed brushless motors. This hub type motor consists of built-in high-speed brushless motor core, planetary friction roller, overload clutch, output flange, end cap, hub shell and other components. The high-speed brushless hub motor belongs to the inner rotor motor.
4. The internal mechanical structure of common low-speed brushless motors. This hub type motor is composed of a motor rotor, a motor stator, a motor shaft, a motor cover, and a bearing. Low-speed brushless hubless motors are external rotor motors.
Fourth, the motor wiring methods <br> <br> due to the change is not the same way, brush motors and brushless motors not only the internal structure is not the same, but the difference in the wiring is also very large.
1. There is a brush motor wiring method. Brush motors generally have two positive and negative leads. The general red line is the positive pole of the motor and the black line is the negative pole of the motor. If the positive and negative poles are exchanged for wiring, the motor will only be reversed, and generally the motor will not be damaged.
2, brushless motor phase angle judgment. The phase angle of the brushless motor is the abbreviation of the phase algebraic angle of the brushless motor, and refers to the angle of the current direction of the coil inside the coil in the energization cycle of the brushless motor. The common phase angles for brushless motors for electric vehicles are 120° and 60°.
The phase angle of the brushless motor is judged by observing the position of the mounting space of the Hall element, and the installation position of the Hall element of the two phase angle motors of 120° and 60° are different.
To measure the phase angle of the brushless motor by measuring the Hall-true-value signal, it is necessary to first describe what is called the magnetic tension angle of the brushless motor. The number of magnets for brushless motors is generally 12, 16, or 18, and the corresponding number of stator slots is 36, 48, or 54 slots. When the motor is in a stationary state, the magnetic field lines of the rotor magnets have the characteristic of walking in the direction of the smallest reluctance, so the position where the rotor magnets stand still is precisely the position of the salient poles of the stator slots. Magnetic steel does not stop at the stator core position, so that the relative position of the rotor and stator is only 36, 48 or 54 limited positions. Therefore, the minimum magnetic pull angle of the brushless motor is 360/36°, 360/48° or 360/54°.
The Hall element of the brushless motor has five leads, which are the positive common power source of the Hall element, the negative common power source, the A-phase Hall output, the B-phase Hall output, and the C-phase Hall output. We can use the five Hall lead wires of the brushless controller (60° or 120°) to connect the positive and negative power supply of the Hall element lead of the brushless motor, and connect the remaining A, B and C phase sensor leads. Any connection to the leads of the controller Hall signal leads. Turn on the power of the controller, and the controller supplies power to the Hall element to detect the phase angle of the brushless motor. The method is as follows: Use the multimeter's +20V DC voltage to block, and the black meter pen grounding line, the red pen to measure the voltage of the three leads respectively, and record the high and low voltages of the three leads. Slightly rotate the motor and let the motor rotate through a minimum magnetic tension angle. Measure and record the high and low voltages of the three leads again. Record this measurement six times. We use 1 for high potentials and 0 for low potentials, then—
If it is a 60° brushless motor and continuously rotates 6 minimum magnetic tension angles, the measured Hall-true signals should be: 100, 110, 111, 011, 001,000. Adjust the pin sequence of the three Hall element leads so that the true-value signal changes in strict accordance with the above true-value order, so that the three phases A, B, and C of the 60° brushless motor are judged.
If it is a 120° brushless motor, continuously rotate 6 minimum magnetic tension angles, and the measured Hall signal of true value should be changed according to the law of 100, 110, 010, 011, 001 and 101, so that the power of the lead of the hall element is The phase sequence is judged.
3, brushless motor wiring method. The brushless motor has 3 coil leads and 5 Hall pins. The 8 leads must correspond to the corresponding leads of the controller. Otherwise, the motor cannot rotate normally.
In general, brushless motors with 60° and 120° phase angles need to be driven by corresponding brushless motor controllers with 60° and 120° phase angles. Controllers with two phase angles cannot be interchanged directly. . The correct wiring of the eight lines connected to the 60° phase angle brushless motor and the 60° phase angle controller has two types, one positive rotation and one reverse rotation.
Because for the brushless motor with a phase angle of 120°, by adjusting the phase sequence of the coil lead and the phase sequence of the Hall lead, the correct wiring of the 8 wires connected to the controller can be 6 kinds, of which 3 types are connected to the motor. Turn, the other three kinds of connection motor reverse.
If the brushless motor is reversed, it means that the phase angles of the brushless controller and the brushless motor are matched. We can adjust the motor's steering direction as follows: exchange the A and C of the Hall lead of the brushless motor and the brushless controller. Wiring; At the same time brushless motor and brushless controller of the main phase line A, B exchange wiring.
Derived code, capital letters in Chinese are used to indicate the performance parameter code, two Arabic numerals are used to indicate the product name code, capital letters are used to indicate the frame number, and case outer diameter (mm) is used to indicate the product name code SYT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet DC Servo Motors SYX: Permanent Magnet Type DC Servo Motors SXPT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet Wirewound Disc DC Motors SXPX: Permanent Magnet Permanent Magnet Wire Wound Disc DC Motors SWT: Ferrite Permanent Magnet Brushless DC servo motor SWX: rare earth permanent magnet brushless DC servo motor SN: printed Circuit DC servomotors SR: a switched reluctance motor YX: <br> <br> two three-phase asynchronous motors, the motor free <br> <br > Permanent magnet DC motors are commonly used in motors currently used in electric vehicles. The so-called permanent magnet motor means that the motor coil is magnetized by a permanent magnet and does not use coil excitation. In this way, the energy consumed when the excitation coil is operated is saved, and the electromechanical conversion efficiency of the motor is improved. This can reduce the running current and extend the mileage of the electric vehicle using the limited energy contained in the vehicle. The electric motors used in the various electric vehicles that we are talking about are permanent magnet motors.
Motors for electric vehicles are divided into two types according to their energization modes: brush motors and brushless motors; they are divided into “toothed†according to the mechanical structure of the motor assembly. Gear deceleration) and "toothless" (motor torque output without any deceleration) are two broad categories.
For the brushless motor, according to whether the motor has a position sensor, it is divided into a position sensor brushless motor and a position sensorless brushless motor.
For a brushless motor without a position sensor, the foot of the vehicle must be picked up first. After the motor has a certain rotation speed, the controller can recognize the phase of the brushless motor and then the controller can supply power to the motor. Since the sensorless brushless motor cannot achieve zero-speed start, it is less used in electric vehicles produced after 2000. At present, the brushless motor used in the electric vehicle industry generally adopts a position sensorless brushless motor.
Rotate 180°, the coil does not move, Hall element senses S pole magnetic field, P1 and R2 are cut off at this moment, P2 and R1 lead openly, can see the electric current i' flows from battery positive pole through R1, coil, P2 to battery negative pole. The current i' direction at Point A in the energized coil is in the direction of the terminal (the vector direction is opposite to the direction of the i' vector), and the magnetic steel is subject to the reaction force of the coil and generates a counterclockwise rotational torque.
The number of magnets for brushless motors for electric bicycles is relatively large. There are generally 3 groups of coils. Each group of coils has a corresponding Hall element (3 Hall coils have 3 Hall elements). This will make the motor rotate more smoothly and efficiently. higher. When the magnet rotates, the Hall element senses the change of the direction of the magnetic field and gives the corresponding control signal. The brushless controller controls the on and off of the upper 3 and lower 3 power tubes according to this signal.
Comparison of brushed motors and brushless motors We can understand the difference in the principle of energization between brushed and brushless motors in this way: Brushed motors are mechanically commutated by carbon brushes and commutators, and brushless motors are based on Huo. The ear element sense signal is electronically commutated by the controller.
Third, the mechanical structure of the motor <br> <br> brush motors and brushless motors powered principles are not the same, its internal structure is not the same. For a hub type motor, the output mode of the motor torque (is decelerated by a gear reduction mechanism) is not the same, and its mechanical structure is also different.
1. The internal mechanical structure of a common high-speed brush motor. This hub-type motor consists of a built-in high-speed brushed motor core, reduction gear sets, overrunning clutches, hub caps and other components. High-speed brushed hub motors are internal rotor motors.
2. The internal mechanical structure of a common low speed brush motor. This hub type motor consists of carbon brushes, phase changers, motor rotors, motor stators, motor shafts, motor end caps, and bearings. Low-speed brushless hubless motors are external rotor motors.
3. The internal mechanical structure of common high-speed brushless motors. This hub type motor consists of built-in high-speed brushless motor core, planetary friction roller, overload clutch, output flange, end cap, hub shell and other components. The high-speed brushless hub motor belongs to the inner rotor motor.
4. The internal mechanical structure of common low-speed brushless motors. This hub type motor is composed of a motor rotor, a motor stator, a motor shaft, a motor cover, and a bearing. Low-speed brushless hubless motors are external rotor motors.
Fourth, the motor wiring methods <br> <br> due to the change is not the same way, brush motors and brushless motors not only the internal structure is not the same, but the difference in the wiring is also very large.
1. There is a brush motor wiring method. Brush motors generally have two positive and negative leads. The general red line is the positive pole of the motor and the black line is the negative pole of the motor. If the positive and negative poles are exchanged for wiring, the motor will only be reversed, and generally the motor will not be damaged.
2, brushless motor phase angle judgment. The phase angle of the brushless motor is the abbreviation of the phase algebraic angle of the brushless motor, and refers to the angle of the current direction of the coil inside the coil in the energization cycle of the brushless motor. The common phase angles for brushless motors for electric vehicles are 120° and 60°.
The phase angle of the brushless motor is judged by observing the position of the mounting space of the Hall element, and the installation position of the Hall element of the two phase angle motors of 120° and 60° are different.
To measure the phase angle of the brushless motor by measuring the Hall-true-value signal, it is necessary to first describe what is called the magnetic tension angle of the brushless motor. The number of magnets for brushless motors is generally 12, 16, or 18, and the corresponding number of stator slots is 36, 48, or 54 slots. When the motor is in a stationary state, the magnetic field lines of the rotor magnets have the characteristic of walking in the direction of the smallest reluctance, so the position where the rotor magnets stand still is precisely the position of the salient poles of the stator slots. Magnetic steel does not stop at the stator core position, so that the relative position of the rotor and stator is only 36, 48 or 54 limited positions. Therefore, the minimum magnetic pull angle of the brushless motor is 360/36°, 360/48° or 360/54°.
The Hall element of the brushless motor has five leads, which are the positive common power source of the Hall element, the negative common power source, the A-phase Hall output, the B-phase Hall output, and the C-phase Hall output. We can use the five Hall lead wires of the brushless controller (60° or 120°) to connect the positive and negative power supply of the Hall element lead of the brushless motor, and connect the remaining A, B and C phase sensor leads. Any connection to the leads of the controller Hall signal leads. Turn on the power of the controller, and the controller supplies power to the Hall element to detect the phase angle of the brushless motor. The method is as follows: Use the multimeter's +20V DC voltage to block, and the black meter pen grounding line, the red pen to measure the voltage of the three leads respectively, and record the high and low voltages of the three leads. Slightly rotate the motor and let the motor rotate through a minimum magnetic tension angle. Measure and record the high and low voltages of the three leads again. Record this measurement six times. We use 1 for high potentials and 0 for low potentials, then—
If it is a 60° brushless motor and continuously rotates 6 minimum magnetic tension angles, the measured Hall-true signals should be: 100, 110, 111, 011, 001,000. Adjust the pin sequence of the three Hall element leads so that the true-value signal changes in strict accordance with the above true-value order, so that the three phases A, B, and C of the 60° brushless motor are judged.
If it is a 120° brushless motor, continuously rotate 6 minimum magnetic tension angles, and the measured Hall signal of true value should be changed according to the law of 100, 110, 010, 011, 001 and 101, so that the power of the lead of the hall element is The phase sequence is judged.
3, brushless motor wiring method. The brushless motor has 3 coil leads and 5 Hall pins. The 8 leads must correspond to the corresponding leads of the controller. Otherwise, the motor cannot rotate normally.
In general, brushless motors with 60° and 120° phase angles need to be driven by corresponding brushless motor controllers with 60° and 120° phase angles. Controllers with two phase angles cannot be interchanged directly. . The correct wiring of the eight lines connected to the 60° phase angle brushless motor and the 60° phase angle controller has two types, one positive rotation and one reverse rotation.
Because for the brushless motor with a phase angle of 120°, by adjusting the phase sequence of the coil lead and the phase sequence of the Hall lead, the correct wiring of the 8 wires connected to the controller can be 6 kinds, of which 3 types are connected to the motor. Turn, the other three kinds of connection motor reverse.
If the brushless motor is reversed, it means that the phase angles of the brushless controller and the brushless motor are matched. We can adjust the motor's steering direction as follows: exchange the A and C of the Hall lead of the brushless motor and the brushless controller. Wiring; At the same time brushless motor and brushless controller of the main phase line A, B exchange wiring.
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